![]() ![]() The word "slate" has not been used consistently over time and in some industries. Image copyright iStockphoto / Bruce Lonngren. These slates were widely used until the late 1800s, when wood-case pencils were easily produced and the price of paper became affordable. Students wrote on the slate with a "pencil" made from slate, soapstone, or clay. ![]() The character continues to be referenced in pop culture.Ī barge carrying 2,400 tons of sulphuric acid capsized on 13 January 2011, near the Lorelei rock, blocking traffic on one of Europe's busiest waterways.School slate: School slate used for writing practice and arithmetic. 14 (3rd movement) of Dmitri Shostakovich. The French writer Guillaume Apollinaire took up the theme again in his poem "La Loreley", from the collection Alcools which is later cited in Symphony No. The Lorelei character, although originally imagined by Brentano, passed into German popular culture in the form described in the Heine–Silcher song and is commonly but mistakenly believed to have originated in an old folk tale. ![]() The poem was set by Robert Schumann in his Liederkreis, op. Lorelei also appears in the poem Waldesgespräch, which appears as a dialog in Joseph von Eichendorff's first novel, Ahnung und Gegenwart. During the Nazi regime and World War II, Heinrich Heine (born as a Jew) became discredited as author of the lyrics, in an effort to dismiss and hide Jewish contribution to German art. A setting by Franz Liszt was also favored and dozens of other musicians have set the poem to music. In 1837 Heine's lyrics were set to music by Friedrich Silcher in the art song "Lorelei" that became well known in German-speaking lands. It describes the eponymous female as a sort of siren who, sitting on the cliff above the Rhine and combing her golden hair, unwittingly distracted shipmen with her beauty and song, causing them to crash on the rocks. In 1824, Heinrich Heine seized on and adapted Brentano's theme in one of his most famous poems, "Die Lorelei". Brentano had taken inspiration from Ovid and the Echo myth. She does so, and, thinking that she sees her love in the Rhine, falls to her death the rock ever afterward retaining an echo of her name. She asks permission to climb it and view the Rhine once again. On the way thereto, accompanied by three knights, she comes to the Lorelei rock. Rather than sentence her to death, the bishop consigns her to a nunnery. In the poem, the beautiful Lore Lay, betrayed by her sweetheart, is accused of bewitching men and causing their death. It first told the story of an enchanting female associated with the rock. In 1801, German author Clemens Brentano composed his ballad Zu Bacharach am Rheine as part of a fragmentary continuation of his novel Godwi oder Das steinerne Bild der Mutter. An old legend envisioned dwarfs living in caves in the rock. The rock and the murmur it creates have inspired various tales. Lorelei Fountain by Ernst Herter, a Heinrich Heine memorial in the Bronx, New York City Other theories attribute the name to the many boating accidents on the rock, by combining the German verb lauern ('to lurk, lie in wait') with the same "ley" ending, with the translation "lurking rock".Īfter the German spelling reform of 1901, in almost all German terms, the letter "y" was changed to the letter "i", but some proper nouns have kept their "y", such as Bayern, Speyer, Spay, Tholey, ( Rheinberg-)Orsoy and including Loreley, which is thus the correct spelling in German. The murmuring is hard to hear today owing to the urbanization of the area. The heavy currents, and a small waterfall in the area (still visible in the early 19th century) created a murmuring sound, and this combined with the special echo the rock produces to act as a sort of amplifier, giving the rock its name. The translation of the name would therefore be "murmur rock" or "murmuring rock". The name comes from the old German words lureln, Rhine dialect for "murmuring", and the Celtic term ley "rock". Sculpture that stands on the banks of the river in the Rhineland. Lorelei, siren of Germanic mythology, of great beauty and delicious song, who was placed on a rock on the Rhine and with her song seduced the navigators.
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